In this Column and the next Column, I want to look at some quite advanced vocabulary. I will give a list of words which collocate with some of the verbs we have been discussing.

1) heighthen 高くする、高くなる

awareness 認識　tension 緊張状態　his conviction 確信　anticipation 期待 the risk リスク　interest 興味
The recent events have heightened tension between the two countries.
先の事件により、二国間の緊張が高まっている。

2) deepen 深くする、深くなる

knowledge 知識　the influence 影響　hostility 敵意　understanding 理解　his faith 彼の信教　the gloom 陰気 her involvement 彼女の関わり合い　the confusion 混乱
Try to deepen your knowlege of European history.
ヨーロッパの歴史について知識を深めるようにしなさい。

3) widen 広くする、広くなる

knowledge 知識　control 統制　the availability 利用できること the deficit 不足額　the gap 隔たり　the coverage 報道／取材　the scope 範囲
The gap between the rich and poor is widening.
貧富の差が広がりつつある。

4) sharpen 鋭くする、鋭くなる

my wit 自分の機知　my appetite 自分の食欲／欲望　awareness 認識　my memory 自分の記憶力　his insight 彼の洞察力　her knowledge 彼女の知識　
These are some mental exercises which will help you to sharpen your memory.
これらはあなたの記憶力を磨くのに役立つ頭の体操である。

5) strenghten 強める、強まる

an argument 論拠　security 安全保障／警備　the company's presence 会社の存在（感）the deterrence 防止　our defence 防衛　the economy 経済　my resolve 自分の決心　relations 関係
We want to strenghten our company's presence in certain overseas markets.
私たちは一定の海外市場で自社の影響力を強化したい。

6) weaken 弱くする

a position 立場　the power 権力　cooperation 協力　support 支持　his resolve 彼の決心　her influence 彼女の影響　the economy 経済　her willpower 彼女の意思の力
The signal from the spacecraft seems to have weakened.
宇宙船からの信号が弱くなったようだ。

This Column is a continuation from the previous one. I hope that you find the words and expressions in these two Columns interesting.

I have continued the numbering from the previous Column.

7) stiffen 強化する、硬化させる

resistance 抵抗　the opposition 反対　national security 国家安全保障
It is necessary that our party stiffens its resistance to the government bill.
政府の議案に対する我が党の抵抗を強化する必要がある。

8) loosen 緩める、緩和する

the regulations 規則　the links 繋がり　monetary policy 金融政策　a constraint 制約
They say that the Bank of Japan is going to loosen its monetry policy.
日銀は金融緩和政策を行うだろうということだ。

9) harden 固くする

an attitude 態度　my heart 心　my stance 立場
After your recent comments, my attitude to you has hardened.
あなたのこの間の発言のあと、私のあなたに対する態度は硬化している。

10) soften 柔らかくする

an attitude 態度　disagreement 意見の対立　the opposition 反対　the barb とげのある言葉　the insult 侮辱　her rejection 彼女の拒絶
His smile did little to soften his unkind barb.
彼は微笑んだが、自分の思いやりに欠けた辛辣な言葉を和らげることはほとんどなかった。

11) tighten きつくする

the regulations 規則　security 安全保障／警備　the rules ルール　control 統制　an economic blockade 経済封鎖　some of the exceptions 幾つかの例外
The security in this building has been greatly tightened.
この建物の警備は非常に厳重になっている。

12) lighten 軽くする

a burden 負担　the load 負担　the atmosphere 雰囲気　her spirit 彼女の機嫌
Is there anything I can do to help to lighten your burden?
何か私にあなたの負担を軽くするためにできることがありますか。

13) gladden 喜ばせる

my heart 私の心
What you have just said has gladdened my heart.
そうおっしゃっていただいて私もうれしく思いました。

14) blacken 黒くする（比喩的に用いる）

his reputation 彼の評判　her character 彼女の人格　the name 名声　his record 彼の成績
Your reputation is so black, that no one can blacken it further.
あなたの評判はすごく悪くて、誰もそれ以上悪くは言えないくらいだ。

15) sweeten 甘くする（比喩的に用いる）

an offer 申し出（値段）　the sale　販売　the pill 錠剤(＝嫌なことを受け入れやすくする）
Okay, I will sweeten my offer by adding another 10%.
いいでしょう。私の提示した金額にもう10％色を付けましょう。

Both these nouns are formed from the idiom (ie, phrasal verb) 'look out'. These two nouns are examples of different ways we can make nouns from phrasal verbs:

1. Sometimes a noun can be formed from a phrasal verb like this:

look out > lookout 見張り、見張り人、（高い）見張り所;
break out > breakout（囚人の）集団脱走

2. And sometimes a noun can be formed from a phrasal verb like this:

look out > outlook 見晴らし、見通し
turn up > upturn（物価の）上昇、（景色の）好転

I will call the first of these Type 1, and the second Type 2.

Nouns of Type 1 are more common than those of Type 2, and we perhaps even do not think of them as being formed from phrasal verbs, but just think of them as being nouns in their own right. For example, this sentence:

Takeoff was at six o'clock exactly.
（離陸は6時きっかりだった）

Probably most speakers of English (native speakers and learners) do not consciously think that this is related to:

The plane took off at six o'clock exactly.
（飛行機は6時きっかりに離陸した）

In this Column will give examples of Type 1. In the next Column, I will give examples of Type 2.

1) I often work out in the afternoon.
> I often have a workout in the afternoon. 〔トレーニング〕
（私はよく、午後にトレーニングをする）
2) A very large number of people turned out to vote in the election.
> The turnout for the election was very high. 〔人出、投票者総数〕
（大変多くの人々が選挙の投票に出かけた）
3) The rocket blasted off right on time.
> The blastoff of the rocket was right on time.〔打ち上げ〕
（ロケットは時間通りに打ち上げられた）
4) I love to lie in bed late on Sunday mornings.
> I love to have a lie-in on Sunday mornings.〔朝寝〕
（日曜の朝は寝坊するのが大好きだ）
5) You have fucked everything up.
> You have caused a fuck up. 〔混乱、ごたごた〕《卑》
（君は全部めちゃくちゃにしてくれた）
6) The people at the Ward Office made me run around to different sections and departments.
> The people at the Ward Office gave me the runaround.〔たらい回し〕
（区役所の人たちは私をいろんな部署にたらい回しにした）
7) The police are searching for the prisoner who ran away.
> The police are searching for the runaway. 〔逃亡者〕
（警察は逃亡犯を捜索している）
8) The tunnel caved in and some people were hurt.
> There was a cave-in in the tunnel and some people were hurt. 〔落盤〕
（トンネルで落盤があり、負傷者が出た）
9) The government is going to bail out the banks.
> There is going to be a bail-out of the banks by the government. 〔（企業に対する国の）救済措置〕
（政府は銀行の救済措置を行う見込み）

This method of forming nouns from phrasal verbs is a common one in English.

In a later Column, I will give some more examples of Type 1 "phrasal verb > noun".

In the next Column, I will look at what I called Type 2 ways of forming nouns from phrasal verbs.

In this Column I will look at nouns which are formed from phrasal verbs in the following manner:

look out > outlook 見晴らし、見通し
turn up > upturn (物価の) 上昇、(景色の) 好転
break out > outbreak 発生、勃発

These are examples of what I called the Type 2 pattern, which, as I mentioned, is far less common than the Type 1 pattern.

Sometimes the nouns of Type 1 pattern seem to be just ordinary nouns, and we do not usually notice the fact that there is a phrasal verb "inside" them. Examples of this are:

money comes in > income 収入
wear it under my clothes > underwear 下着

Perhaps most readers of this Column will not connect "let out" (発する、外に出す) with "outlet" (店、アウットレット).

But what about "inlet"? If we have "outlet", it seems probable that we also have "inlet", formed from "let in". And in fact that is the case:
let in 中へ入れる > inlet 入り江、(水の) 入り口

Here are some examples of Type 2 nouns:

1) We have taken 205 new people in to our company this year.
> Our company's intake of new people for this year is 205.
〔採用人員〕
（我が社の今年の新人採用は205人だった）
2) I laid out more than ten million yen to buy the diamond.
> My outlay on the diamond was more than ten million yen.
〔出費、支出〕
（私はそのダイヤモンドに1000万円以上の大枚を支払った）
3) This road passes over that one.
> This road is an overpass.
〔(立体交差の) 上の道路、高架道路 ⇔underpass〕
（この道路は高架交差路だ）
4) It is very expensive to keep up this old castle.
> The upkeep of this old castle is very expensive. 〔維持 (費)〕
（この古城の維持は大変お金がかかる）

In a later Column, I will give some more examples of Type 2 "phrasal verb > noun".