● Back Numbers 073〜076

  句動詞から派生した名詞についての第三回目です。さらに、句動詞とその派生名詞が用いられた例文を対照させながらあげています。これらは単なる言い換えではなく、このような語彙と文法の仕組みを知ることにより。みなさんの英語表現力は広がりを見せることになります。ぜひ、自分でも他の例でチャレンジしてみてください。

マーク No. 073 Nouns formed from phrasal verbs
      --- 句動詞から派生した名詞

In Columns 071 and 072, I discussed, and gave examples of nouns formed from phrasal verbs (Type 1 and Type 2). In this Column, I want to give some more examples.

◎Type 1

1) The representatives of the United States angrily walked out of the conference.
> There was a walkout from the conference by the representatives of the United States.〔 (抗議を示す) 退場〕
(合衆国の代表者たちは怒って会議から退場した)
2) The negotiations between the two governments broke down.  
> There was a breakdown in the negotiations between the two governments.〔決裂;機械の故障〕
(両政府間の交渉は決裂した)
3) You should back up the information on another disc.
> You should make a backup on another disc.〔予備、バックアップ〕
(その情報を別のディスクにバックアップした方がよい)
4) I am now going to hand out these pieces of paper.
> I am now going to give you some handouts.〔配るプリント;乞食に与える金など〕
(今からプリントを何枚か配ります)
5) The police are looking for the gang who held up the bank.
> The police are looking for the gang who carried out the bank holdup.〔 (ピストル) 強盗〕
(警察はその銀行を襲った犯人を捜している)
6) When he was arrested, he cried out, "They have set me up!"
> When he was arrested, he cried out, "It's a setup!"〔仕組まれた罠;機構、仕組み〕
(彼は逮捕されたとき、「あいつらは俺をはめたんだ!」と叫んだ)
7) I will run down this list, and explain the main points briefly.
> I will give you a quick rundown of the main points.〔報告、説明〕
(要点について、さっと説明しましょう)
8) When he threatened me, I paid him off. 
> He threatened me, so I gave him a payoff. 〔事件について口外しないようにするために支払う金、わいろ;報復)〕
(彼は私を脅迫したので、私は仕方なく金を支払った)
9) I think someone tipped off the police about our plans.
> I think someone gave the police a tipoff about our plans.〔秘密情報、警告〕
(誰かが我々の計画について警察にたれ込んだのだと思う)
10) You gave yourself away by the way you smiled. 
> The way you smiled was a giveaway.〔 (本音・正体を) うっかりばらしてしまうもの;賞品、おまけ、無料サンプル)〕
(きみの笑い方ですっかりわかったよ)

◎Type 2

1) The air suddenly rushed in to the room.
> There was a sudden inrush of air to the room.〔侵入、流入〕
(部屋に空気が突然流入してきた)
2) This road passes by the town.
> This road is a bypass.〔バイパス〕
(この道路はバイパスだ)
3) No one can say what will come out of his experiments.
> No one can say what the outcome of his experiments will be.〔結果〕
(彼の実験がどんな結果になるか誰もわからない)
4) Suddenly, everyone burst out laughing in the next room.
> Suddenly, there was an outburst of laughter in the next room. 〔爆発、大爆笑;火山の噴出〕
(突然、隣の部屋でみんなが吹き出した)
5) I was fitted out for these clothes at a famous tailor's.
> I got this outfit at a famous tailor's. 〔装備一式、身じたく一式〕
(私は有名なテーラーでこの服をあつらえた)
6) Everyone was standing by, and did nothing to help.
> The bystanders did nothing to help.〔傍観者、野次馬〕
(みんな傍観して、助けようとしなかった)
7) Hundreds were looking on at everything that was happening.
> There were hundreds of onlookers.〔見物人、野次馬〕
(何百人もの野次馬が集まっていた)

In studying this area of English grammar and vocabulary, very many examples have been given of "saying the same thing in two different ways".

As a way of expanding English grammar, vocabulary, and usage, I recommend that you learn these different ways of saying the same thing. This will make your English richer and more interesting.

● Words & Phrases ●
  • I recommend that you do
    〜することをお勧めします
  • rich
    豊かである、含蓄のある

(帝京大学教授 Christopher Barnard)

次回掲載予定7月24日

  今回から二回にわたり、前置詞のちょっと気づかない便利な使い方について扱います。私たちは、「〜する...(人・もの)」といった場合、関係代名詞を用いて表してしまうことが多いですが、withのこんな使い方をマスターすることにより、もっとスマートで簡単に表すことができるのです。

マーク No. 074 The useful word "with"
      --- 便利な単語"wtih"

A lot of time is spent learning sentences like this:

1) I saw a man who was carrying a heavy bag.
2) I saw a woman who was wearing a blue hat.
3) I saw a boy who had red hair.
4) I saw a cherry tree which was covered in flowers.
5) I saw a woman whose leg was broken.

Of course it is necessary to learn such grammar patterns. However, what is often overlooked is that we can very often express the same idea or situation by using the useful word "with":

6) I saw a man with a heavy bag.
7) I saw a woman with a blue hat.
8) I saw a boy with red hair.
9) I saw a cherry tree with a lot of flowers.
10) I saw a woman with a broken leg.

I am not saying that these two sets of sentences mean exactly the same thing. It is possible that in sentence (6) the man was not carrying the bag, but perhaps standing next to it.

We could make this clearer by saying:

11) I saw a man with a heavy bag in his hand.

Sentence (7) does not actually tell us if the woman was wearing the hat. Sentence (9) seems to be missing some of the feeling of being "covered in flowers".

However, sentence (8) seems to be very similar to sentence (3), and sentence (10) seems to be very similar to sentence (5).

In the next Column, I will discuss the useful word "in".

● Words & Phrases ●
  • be covered in flowers
    花で覆われている
  • overlook
    〜を見逃す
  • It is possible that
    ...という可能性がある
  • in one's hand
    手に持って
  • miss
    〜をなくす、取り逃がす

(帝京大学教授 Christopher Barnard)

次回掲載予定8月1日

  基本前置詞のちょっと気がつかない便利な使い方のその2、今回はinを取り上げます。前回のwithとの比較も興味深いところでしょう。

マーク No. 075 The useful word "in"
      --- 便利な単語"in"

In the last Column, I discussed the useful word "with". In this Column, I will discuss "in".

We can say:

1) I saw a man who was wearing jeans.

Using "in", we can say, with very similar meaning:

2) I saw a man in jeans.

Other examples of this use of "in" are:

3) I saw a woman in black shoes.
4) I saw a boy in shorts.

If the person is actually wearing the item, we use "in". If the person is carrying or standing next to the item, we use "with". Therefore these two sentences have different meanings:

5) I saw a man with a blue shirt. (= carrying/holding, etc. a blue shirt)
6) I saw a man in a blue shirt. (= wearing a blue shirt)

This general rule means that certain items such as ties, scarfs, mufflers, gloves, mittens, hats, caps, wigs, glasses, sunglasses, goggles, etc. are in a grey zone -- with different native speakers of English giving different answers.

When a person actually has one of these items on their body, we cannot say that the person carries or holds such items. Neither can we really say that the person is wearing the item.

In such cases, I think that we most often say:

7) He has on a tie/scarf/muffler/a pair of mittens, etc.

Naturally, the near the item is to "clothes", the easier it is to use the word "wear":

8) He is wearing a tie/hat/wig.

● Words & Phrases ●
  • mitten
    ミトン(親指だけ離れているふたまた手袋)
  • be in a grey zone
    グレーゾーンにある(どちらともはっきりとは言えない)
  • with different native speakers of English giving different answers
    さまざまな英語のネイティブスピーカーがさまざまな答えを言って(withを用いた、付帯状況を表す分詞構文)
  • Neither can we really say ...
    ...と本当に言えるわけでもない(語順に注意:倒置形)
  • most often
    非常にしばしば(oftenを強めた形)
  • Naturally当然のことながら(文全体を修飾)
  • the near ..., the easier 〜
    近ければ近いほど、それだけ容易に〜(the+比較級, the+比較級の構文だがnearは比較級に準じると考える)

(帝京大学教授 Christopher Barnard)

次回掲載予定8月7日

  今回は、入れ物、形状、重量、容量に関わる語彙の話です。もちろん、それらの単なる紹介ではなく、みなさんが英語の語彙力を伸ばしていく上で非常に有用な方法論が展開されます。

マーク No. 076 Containers, shapes, weights, and volumes (Part 1)
      --- 入れ物、形状、重量、容量のボキャブラリーを使いこなそう
(その1)

Containers, shapes, weights, and volumes are an important part of English grammar and vocabulary. Examples are:

Container:
a can of juice (缶ジュース) /a box of chocolates (箱入りチョコレート)
Shape:
a loaf of bread (一塊のパン) / a bar of chocolate(板チョコ)
Weight:
a ton of sand(1トンの砂) / an ounce of gold (1オンスの金)
Volume:
a litre of juice (ジュース1リットル) / a cup of milk (ミルクコップ1杯)

Containers, shapes, weights, and volumes can overlap in different ways. If we are cooking, "a cup of milk" is probably a volume of milk, but if we are interested in drinking milk, "a cup of milk" puts the emphasis on the container of milk.

In some cases, this overlapping is very vague. So, "a handful of salt" or "a spoonful of sugar" seem to be containers, shapes, weights, and volumes -- all at the same time.

The point that I want to make is that when you are developing your vocabulary, it is useful to classify this area of the vocabulary according to this system.

Among containers, shapes, weights, and volumes, the vocabulary of containers is the most common and extensive, so I will give a list of these in the next Column.

● Words & Phrases ●
  • overlap
    重なり合う、共通点がある
  • a handful of
    一握りの〜、〜一握り
  • a spoonful of
    スプーン1杯の〜、〜スプーン1杯
  • The point I want to make is ...
    私が言いたい[主張したい]ことは...である
  • extensive
    範囲が広い

(帝京大学教授 Christopher Barnard)

次回掲載予定8月17日

 

 

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