As readers of these Columns probably know, I like to give vocabulary in sentences. In this Column I will pick out some of the verbs from the previous Column and give some example sentences using these verbs.

1. witness　目撃する
We witnessed a terrible accident.
（我々は悲惨な事故を目撃した）

2. lay/set eyes on （特に初めて）見る
I do not know who she is. I have never set eyes on her before.
（私は彼女が誰か知らない。今まで彼女を見たことがない）

3. look at（注意して）見る
Look at the painting carefully. Don't just glance at it.
（その絵を注意して見なさい。ただ眺めるだけでなく）

4. watch　動きをじっと見る／見張る
Everyone was watching the football match in great excitement.
（誰もがすごく興奮してサッカーに試合を観戦していた）

5. glance at ちらっと見る／一目見る
She just glanced at the contract, and then took out her pen and signed it.
（彼女は契約書をちらっと眺めただけで、ペンを取り出しサインをした）

6. scan （新聞を）ざっと見る
I do not read the newspaper properly. I just scan it.
（私はちゃんと新聞を読むことはない。ただ斜め読みするだけだ）

7. scan for　目を凝らして見る
The rescuers were scanning the horizon for the lost mountaineers.
（救助隊は遭難した登山者がいないかと地平線を凝視した）

8. scrutinize　詳しく見る／細かに調べる
They will very carefully scrutinize your lottery ticket before paying you the prize money.
（彼らは賞金を支払われる前に宝くじの券を事細かに調べるだろう）

10. come across　ふと見つける／出くわす
Guess who I came across in town this morning?
（今朝、町で誰に出くわしたと思う？）

11. get a glimpse of ちらりと見える／一瞬目に入る
There were thousands of people -- all trying to get a glimpse of their hero.
（何千人という人が、みな自分たちの英雄を一目見ようと集まっていた）

12. discover （偶然に）発見する／楽しみに気づく
Everyone praised him for discovering the magic ingredient, but his discovery was due to luck, not intelligence and hard work.
（誰もが、彼が魔法の成分を発見したことを誉め称えたが、発見は運によるもので、知恵や努力によるものではなかった）

I hope you will find the time and the energy to memorize these sentences as key, model sentences.

An "embedded wh-question" is a type of indirect (i.e., reported) speech.

As you know, the important point to remember is that the word-order in the question is in question word-order, but the word-order in the embedded question is in normal word-order.

　Who (1) is (2) he?
　Mary asked who (2) he (1) was.

But, this is one of the "official" or "formal" rules. Actually, in colloquial English, you will find this rule being broken all the time. It is very common to hear and read sentences like these:

Mary: "Who is he?". > Mary asked who was he.
　　 (correct form: who he was)
Mary: "Where do you live?" > Mary asked where did I live.
　　 (correct form: where I lived)
Mary: "When will the train arrive?"
　　　　 > Mary asked when would the train arrive.
　　 (correct form: when the train would arrive)
Mary: "How much does it cost?"
　　　　 > Mary asked how much did it cost.
　　 (correct form: how much it cost)
Mary: "Why did you do that?" > Mary asked why did I do that.
　　 (correct form: why I did that)

This is so common that I do not feel that it is incorrect in informal situations.

To summarise this Column, we can say that there are the following forms:

Direct Speech:
　Mary: "Where do you live?"

Indirect Speech (informal version):
　Mary asked where did I live.

Indirect Speech ("correct", formal version):
　Mary asked where I lived.

The informal version of indirect speech can be seen as a version that is halfway between direct speech and formal indirect speech.

In other words, in the informal version the pronouns and tense change according to the "correct" rules of indirect speech, but the word order remains the same as in direct speech.

As I pointed out in Column 86, in the case of questions in informal indirect speech (i.e., embedded questions), the word-order remains the same as in direct speech:

Mary: "Where do you live?"
Mary asked where did I live.

This pattern of keeping the question word-order is especially common when we have to put sentences like this into indirect speech:

Mary: "Who is the man walking down the street with two dogs?"

The grammatically correct form of indirect speech in this case would be:

Mary asked who the man walking down the street with two dogs was.

However, "was" seems to be floating and isolated as the last word in the sentence, and is very far away from "who". In such cases you are very likely to find sentences like this:

Mary asked who was the man walking down the street with two dogs.

Here is one more example:

Mary: "What does the man who is walking down the street with two dogs do for a living?"

The grammatically correct form would be:

Mary asked what the man who is walking down the street with two dogs did for a living.

But the "who-clause" breaks up "what the man did" in a very awkward way, and "did" is floating near the end of the sentence.

In this case, it would be very normal to say:

Mary asked what did the man who is walking down the street with two dogs do for a living.

If you look under "visitor" in Kenkyusha's Luminous English-Japanese dictionary, you will find a box which helps distinguish the different translations for "客" in English.

For "customer", this box says "商店などの客". For "client", it says "弁護士など専門家の客".

This is what you could call the basic rule about the use of these words. However, I have noticed the word "client" is being used more and more these days, in cases, where to me, "customer" would be the normal word.

When a shop, for example, calls its customers "clients", this suggests that the shop is offering a professional service, not just selling goods.

In some sense, this makes both the shop and the customer feel better: the transaction has become a "high-class transaction"--not a matter of simple buying and selling.

In particular, what may be called "semi-professional organizations" are using the word "client" more and more. Therefore the word "client", instead of "customer", is likely to be used by the following:

executive search services
advertising agencies
real-estate agencies
financial advisers
banks
jewellers
hairdressers
beauticians
hotels
etc.

Actually in Japanese we see the same tendency, in which "顧客" or "クライアント" is being used more and more, instead of "客".